Pneumonia Can Be Prevented – Vaccines Can Help

 

Every 15 seconds, somewhere in the world, a child dies from pneumonia. Many of these deaths are preventable through vaccination and appropriate treatment.

What Is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages.  Signs of pneumonia can include coughing, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing or shortness of breath, chills, or chest pain. Certain people are more likely to become ill with pneumonia. This includes adults 65 years of age or older and children less than 5 years of age. People up through 64 years of age who have underlying medical conditions (like diabetes or HIV/AIDS) and people 19 through 64 who smoke cigarettes or have asthma are also at increased risk for getting pneumonia.

Causes

When bacteria, viruses or, rarely, fungi living in your nose, mouth, sinuses, or the environment spread to your lungs, you can develop pneumonia or other infections. You can catch the bacteria or viruses from people who are infected with them, whether they are sick or not.

Types of Pneumonia

You may have heard of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). When someone who hasn't recently been in the hospital or another healthcare facility develops pneumonia, it's called community-acquired.

Pneumonia is associated with healthcare when someone gets the infection during or following a stay in a healthcare facility (like hospitals, long-term care facilities, and dialysis centers). These infections are labeled healthcare-associated pneumonias, which includes healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

In the U.S., the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and the most common viral causes are influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial viruses. In children less than 1 year of age, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of pneumonia. Other common bacterial and viral causes of pneumonia in the U.S. include Staphylococcus aureus and adenovirus. Pneumocystis jirovecii, a fungus formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii, is a common cause of pneumonia in patients with AIDS.

Reduce Your Risk

Minister of Health administers pneumococcal vaccine to the first child to benefit from Gambia's national pneumococcal immunisation programme. Photo courtesy of George Williams, World Health Organization Gambia.

Pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines. Following good hygiene practices can also help prevent respiratory infections. This includes washing your hands regularly, cleaning hard surfaces that are touched often (like doorknobs and countertops), and coughing or sneezing into a tissue or into your elbow or sleeve. You can also reduce your risk of getting pneumonia by limiting exposure to cigarette smoke and treating and preventing conditions like diabetes and HIV/AIDS.

In the U.S., there are several vaccines that prevent infection by bacteria or viruses that may cause pneumonia. These vaccines include:

• Pneumococcal,
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib),
• Pertussis (whooping cough),
• Varicella (chickenpox),
• Measles; and
• Seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) vaccines.

National and Global Impact

In 2006, 1.2 million people in the U.S. were hospitalized with pneumonia and 55,477 people died from the disease.

Globally, pneumonia kills more than 4 million people every year – half of these deaths occur among children less than 5 years of age. This is greater than the number of deaths from any other infectious disease, such as AIDS, malaria or tuberculosis. Access to vaccines and treatment (like antibiotics and antivirals) can help prevent many pneumonia-related deaths. Pneumonia experts are also working to prevent pneumonia in developing countries by reducing indoor air pollution and encouraging good hygiene practices.

More Information

• Pneumonia FastStats
• Vaccine Information
• Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
• World Pneumonia Day

Health e-Cards

• Prevent Flu & Pneumonia
• November 2nd is World Pneumonia Day
• Don't Let the Flu Slow You Down

Podcasts

• Fighting a Bad Bug (4:04 minutes)
  • A CDC expert discusses the effectiveness of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
• Immunizations Part I: Flu and Pneumococcal Vaccines (5:44 minutes)
  • This podcast discusses the importance of older adults protecting themselves against influenza and pneumonia through vaccinations.
• Measles Can Travel (4:01 minutes)
  • This podcast discusses a 2007 outbreak in the U.S. and steps that can be taken to prevent future outbreaks.
• RSV: A Respiratory Virus in Young and Old (4:37 minutes)
  • In this podcast, a CDC researcher discusses RSV, a virus common in childhood and important in older adults.

Guidelines

• CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Guidelines for Preventing Health-Care--Associated Pneumonia, 2003
• Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia
• Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
• American Academy of Family Physicians Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia